“Over the past week, our scientists have been exchanging information with their international colleagues. Last night, the European Food Safety Authority updated its opinion on the estimated tolerable daily intake (TDI) of melamine and left it unchanged at 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight (ie, for every kg a person weighs they can safely consume 0.5 mg every day – for a 20 kg child this is 10 mg; for a 70 kg adult the safe amount is 35 mg).”
=== 這段是說明歐盟的標準 0.5 ppm ===
Based on this figure, which is very close to but lower than that of the United States, NZFSA has adopted a conservative threshold of 5 ppm for most foods. This means that it has been considered that foods containing up to 5 ppm of melamine do not pose a risk to human health. However for starter infant formula, this level will be set to the current level of test detection of 1 ppm.
===
這段是說, 對於三聚氰胺, 紐西蘭食品管理局對於嬰兒的食品標準設定為 1 ppm 以下,
對於成人, 暫定為 5 ppm 以下, 但最有趣的是第一段話:
"which is very close to but lower than that of the United States"
意思是說: 歐盟的 0.5 ppm 標準非常接近但仍低於美國的標準
所以從這段話看起來, 美國是有標準的, 只是我們找不到而已
此外, lower 是美國標準的數字更高 , 還是美國的標準更嚴格,
從前後文來看, 似乎是說美國的標準 > 0.5 ppm
個人拙見, 僅供各為參考.發表人:
AshenVic 時間: 2008-9-29 12:12 PM
引用:
Observer寫到:
來看看 NZFSA 的最新 update 有關 melamine 的檢驗標準:
it unchanged at 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight
Following recent events in China, the European Commission asked the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to provide urgent scientific advice on health risks for European consumers related to the possible presence of melamine[1] in composite foods containing milk or milk products originating from China.
EFSA’s scientists today issued a statement saying that if adults in Europe were to consume chocolates and biscuits containing contaminated milk powder, they would not exceed the TDI (Tolerable Daily Intake) of 0.5 mg/kg body weight, even in worst case scenarios[2].
Children with a mean consumption of biscuits, milk toffee and chocolate made with such milk powder would also not exceed the TDI. However, in worst case scenarios with the highest level of contamination, children with high daily consumption of milk toffee, chocolate or biscuits containing high levels of milk powder would exceed the TDI. Children who consume both such biscuits and chocolate could potentially exceed the TDI by up to more than three times.
High levels of melamine can primarily affect the kidneys. EFSA applied the TDI of 0.5 mg/kg body weight for melamine in a specific case of contamination in 2007[3].
The Commission requested EFSA to focus its assessment on biscuits and chocolate which contain milk powder as such products can be imported from China. EFSA developed theoretical exposure scenarios based on European consumption figures[4]of biscuits and chocolate. In the absence of available data for contaminated milk powder, EFSA also used the highest value of melamine, reported in Chinese infant formula as a basis for worst case scenarios. EFSA stressed that it is not known at the moment whether such theoretical high level exposure scenarios could occur in Europe.
[1] Melamine is a chemical compound commonly used in the manufacture of resins, plastics and glues. In Europe, melamine is approved for manufacturing plastic materials and articles, but the addition of melamine in food and animal feed is prohibited.
[2] EFSA used the highest value of melamine (approximately 2,500 mg/kg) reported in Chinese infant formula and consumption at the 95th percentile as a basis for worst case scenarios.
[3] Because there is uncertainty with respect to the time scale for development of kidney damage, EFSA used the TDI of 0.5 mg/kg body weight which is protective for exposure over a lifetime in considering possible effects of exposure to melamine over a relatively short period, such as might occur with repeated consumption of melamine contaminated products
[4] Panel evaluated data from the Concise European Consumption Database, the CAOBISCO industry association; data on levels of melamine in infant formula reported by the Chinese State Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine.
歐洲食品安全局（ＥＦＳＡ）發表的中國嬰兒奶粉和其他奶製品的公共衛生存在風險聲明
Statement of EFSA on risks for public health due to the presences of melamine in infant milk and other milk products in China 24/09/2008 http://www.efsa.eu.int/EFSA/efsa ... 2_1211902098495.htm
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) received a request on 19 September 2008 from the European Commission, Health and Consumers Directorate requesting urgent scientific advice on the risks to human health due to the possible presence of melamine in composite food products imported from China into the European Union (EU). Considering the urgency of this request for advice EFSA issued a statement following Art. 13 b of the “Decision concerning the establishment and operations of the scientific committee and panels” adopted by the Management Board of EFSA on 11 September 2007[1].
In 2008, high levels of melamine in infant milk and other milk products have led to very severe health effects in Chinese children. The import of milk and milk products originating from China is prohibited into the EU, however composite food products such as biscuits and chocolate, which could be made from contaminated milk powder, may have reached the EU. Therefore, the European Commission has requested EFSA to provide scientific advice on the risk for human health related to presence of melamine in such composite foods.
The primary target organ for melamine toxicity is the kidney. There is uncertainty with respect to the time scale for the development of kidney damage. Thus, EFSA applied a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.5 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) in considering possible health effects which might occur with repeated consumption of melamine contaminated products over a relatively short period.
EFSA was asked to consider health effects due to melamine exposure via the consumption of contaminated biscuits and confectionary. Based on available data, EFSA developed a number of theoretical exposure scenarios for biscuits and chocolate containing milk powder both for adults and children. In the absence of actual data for milk powder, EFSA used the highest value of melamine (approximately 2,500 mg/kg) reported in Chinese infant formula as a basis for worst case scenarios.
Based on these scenarios, estimated exposure does not raise concerns for the health of adults in Europe should they consume chocolates and biscuits containing contaminated milk powder. Children with a mean consumption of biscuits, milk toffee and chocolate made with such milk powder would also not exceed the TDI. However, in worst case scenarios with the highest level of contamination, children with high daily consumption of milk toffee, chocolate or biscuits containing high levels of milk powder would exceed the TDI. Children who consume both such biscuits and chocolate could potentially exceed the TDI by more than threefold. However, EFSA noted that it is presently unknown whether such high level exposure scenarios may occur in Europe.發表人:
bookers 時間: 2008-9-30 09:43 AM
Melamine and Analogues Intake Scenarios
The exposure scenarios presented below pertain to melamine compounds. As stated previously, we have assumed that all MCs are equipotent and we are treating them as a group of compounds and not as single compounds. Scenario 1 presents intake estimates for pork, chicken, egg and fish consumption. Scenario 2 presents intake estimates for foods that contain meat, poultry and pork. Scenario 3 is an intake estimate that is based on, as a worst case assumption, that melamine is in all solid food. For all three scenarios, intake estimates were based on food consumption levels for a 60-kg individual (the norm for exposure analysis by FDA/CFSAN's Office of Food Additive Safety).
Accumulation of melamine in the edible tissue of animals (pork, poultry and fish) consuming the contaminated feed at the levels reported in feed to date is considered highly unlikely. For the purpose of this assessment it is assumed that all edible tissues contain 50 ppb melamine. The basis for using such a level comes from reports from FDA and FSIS of trace levels of melamine in tissues from some hogs that consumed the suspect feed containing rice protein. The 50 ppb level represents a conservative estimate of the Limit of Detection (LOD) for the methods employed; a value that will ensure that the exposure scenarios are in turn conservative. (The LOD is the level below which a contaminant cannot be measured with current analytical methods.) Currently this method is designed to only detect melamine in meat; however, it is presumed that the other MCs are present in the tissue. For the purposes of this assessment, the concentration of melamine assumed in the tissue (50 ppb) is doubled to 100 ppb to account for cyanuric acid, which was not actually measured by the test. Doubling the measurable tissue melamine level was based in part on the relative levels of MC compounds (analogues levels were generally no greater than melamine levels) observed in the contaminated feed and in part on the identification of the crystals in the kidneys being a mixture of melamine and cyanuric acid. This suggests that cyanuric acid might be a greater concern than the other analogues and doubling should more than account for cyanuric acid based on currently available data. Therefore, in lieu of any reported residue values for MCs in edible tissues and based on the reported levels of MCs in the suspect feeds and the short half life and rapid excretion of MCs, the use of 100 ppb as a default residue level was considered reasonable for the purpose of determining safety. Inherent in this value is another conservative assumption that all meat/poultry/fish/egg tissue was from animals that had been fed contaminated feed until just prior to slaughter or collection. Due to the rapid excretion of melamine and cyanuric acid and because these compounds are not metabolized, withdrawing contaminated feed would be expected to lead to a relatively rapid clearance of the compounds from the animal.
FSIS has recently completed a "Swine and Poultry Exposure Assessment," attached as Appendix II. FDA has recently completed sampling of two commercial fish farming operations; the report of this sampling is attached as Appendix III. These data and information confirm and re-enforce the assumptions and conclusions of this interim safety/risk assessment.
